The Precedency Supporting the Affrimative Action Essay

Affirmative action is a government policy that gives opportunities to minorities, women, and any group who has been the victim of discrimination in the past. Affirmative action is the outcome of the 1960’s Civil Rights movement, growing out of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which outlawed discrimination based on race, ethnicity, or gender. It was the 1978 Supreme Court decision, The Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, which allowed for the use of race-based preferences as a means of fostering diversity, allowing affirmative action to be used in admissions policies. It was created with the intention to provide equal opportunities for members of minority groups in education and employment. Initially, affirmative action focused†¦show more content†¦Supporters of affirmative action make many arguments in support of affirmative action, in the hopes of getting others to see the genuine good that affirmative actin policies bring to our society. Supporters belie ve that affirmative action is more of a process rather than an admissions policy. Colleges and universities take the extra initiative to reach out to minority groups, encouraging them to apply. Colleges and universities offer additional financial aid and provide on-campus resources to help better the student’s college education. Supporters also note the rising number of minority applications to colleges and universities due in part to affirmative action policies. Statistics have proven that when affirmative action is eliminated, such as when it was at Berkley College and UCLA in 1998, the minority student admissions fell 61 percent and 36 percent respectively, proving that affirmative action plays a major role in a minority students college admissions process. Affirmative action supporters also believe that diversity in higher education provides a better educational atmosphere for all students, personally and intellectually. If affirmative action were to be eliminated, there would be fewer minority students enrolled in colleges, causing diversity to be fairly slim. Affirmative action policies are also necessary in order to compensate for centuries of racial, economic, and social oppression. Individuals with a

Crisis Management 1 The Day After Tomorrow Free Essays

There is probably no better movie in the world to look at crisis management and Hollywood’s lack of understanding than â€Å"The Day After Tomorrow†. This movie deals with a major catastrophic event worldwide and shows viewers the alleged reaction of the American government. Although it provides interesting drama for the movie, the way the American government reacts to the crisis is not only a poor example of crisis management, but also paints an unrealistic picture of the efficiency of the government and emergency responders. We will write a custom essay sample on Crisis Management 1: The Day After Tomorrow or any similar topic only for you Order Now From the beginning, the movie is a bit preachy about the environment and the American government’s unwillingness to listen to the doomsayers about the coming crisis. No one from the vice president down wants to hear what the government employed climatologist has to say about the weather. The first problem with this is that the climatologist is even trying to report to the vice president. It is possible that in an extreme crisis situation, the chain of command might be broken to get more information quickly to decision-makers, but the main character does so before the crisis even hits the United States. If he had followed the chain of command, it seems more likely that crisis response teams could have begun developing scenarios for the crisis he was envisioning. Evaluating the crisis response in this movie in many ways comes down to evaluating the response to several major crises leading up to the huge global cooling event.   The first event that affects the United States is a huge weather system, so-called super storms which ground air traffic and begin causing flooding in Lower Manhattan.   At approximately the same time, we see a series of huge tornadoes devastate Los Angeles and then we see the President declare a national state of emergency. However, not a single one of these crises were handled in accordance with crisis management theory or crisis management reality as it exists today. First we will deal with the super storm and the subsequent plane crashes. The first evidence that we as viewer have of the increasing storm activity is on the flight of Jake Gyllenhaal’s character from Washington D.C. to New York for a scholar bowl competition. Sam, Gyllenhaal’s character, is supposed to be terrified of flying anyway, so when the plane hits turbulence the effect is supposed to be suspenseful. But from an emergency management point of view, it is evidence that the Federal Aviation Administration would have grounded flights long before the lightning got so bad that it was knocking planes out of the air. The movie claims several major plane crashes occur before the FAA can get planes out of the sky. This is just hogwash. After September 11, 2001, the FAA has procedures in place to scramble to get planes on the ground. Tiny airports dotting the countryside are equipped for emergency landings and after the turbulence on one flight was bad enough to activate oxygen masks, the FAA would have immediately grounded flights flying through that storm. The second major problem that the movie has with crisis management comes in the form of the flooding in Lower Manhattan. When the problem is simply a backed up sewer at a prep school, it is possible that the response would be to move the students to alternate locations in the city until the morning. However, these were high school children. There is no way that the school system would have allowed them to begin randomly moving around the city the next morning when the flooding had extended to the streets and made some roads and rail lines impassable. In addition, major flooding on an island like New York is a major crisis event. The movie depicted the beginning of the horror in New York City as just another rain storm and showed no evidence of a crisis response from city officials. Even if the sudden cold snap had been unpredictable, the rain forecast wasn’t and city officials and emergency personnel would have been preparing in one way or another before the freeze hit. This utter lack of regard for reality and crisis management strikes home again later in the movie when Sam and others have taken refuge in the library. For unknown reasons, the lone police officer in the bunch decides that it is better to encourage people to walk out of the city rather than stay in the relatively warm and dry library where they have shelter and some food. While not all police officers are trained to handle a serious crisis, the idea that this one encouraged people to give up shelter and food to being an unknown trek is completely against any crisis management theory taught in the world. He had no reason to believe that people would not be safe in the library and should have, would have kept them there. The response in Los Angeles to the tornadoes was also just ridiculous. The movie shows the country watching in horror as LA is destroyed, but no once do we hear the Federal Emergency Management Personnel begin mobilizing or calling their local counterparts or in any way reacting to the scene.   Given the nature of the disaster, FEMA officials should have been on the phone before the winds stopped mobilizing search and rescue teams immediately to secure the city and recovery teams should have been getting their alerts as well. Instead, the movie makes it appear that California was basically ignored as it was blown away. Finally, the real tragedy of the crisis approach in the movie is that the movie makers failed to realize that this type of national event would almost immediately result in martial law. Doctors would not be allowed to wait around at hospitals to see if their patients were evacuated and private ambulance companies would not be the ones emptying the hospitals of the transportable patients as the country was evacuated. And, the president would not be allowed to refuse to move out of his office. He would be taken into some kind of mobile command center, against his will if necessary, for the preservation of the country. Like any good â€Å"Die Hard† movie, â€Å"Die Hard with a Vengeance† involves bad guys and hostages. What makes this a classic crisis movie is the portion of the movie dealing with the hostages in a public elementary school in New York City. The basic plot of the movie is that Bruce Willis and Samuel L. Jackson have to stop the bag guys and get the code to defuse the bomb in the school so that the hostages can get away.   The problem is that the bad guys have claimed that if they see anything indicating that the school is being evacuated they will use a remote detonator and set off the bomb as the children try to evacuate. This movie does some things right as far as crisis management theory goes. School personnel, including teachers, are enlisted to help emergency personnel devise a plan to evacuate the building and the bomb squad is brought in to attempt to find and defuse the bomb.   Then, it wanders away from reality and never finds its way back. Detective John McClain (Bruce Willis) runs into a father with two children at the school. Zeus Carter (Samuel L. Jackson) refuses to take no for an answer and insists on helping McClain find the bad guys. Wrong! One of the most important theories of crisis management is to minimize the risk.   The police would never let an untrained civilian get involved in the operation. If Mr. Carter insisted, he would be arrested and held until the crisis was over. The next step would be to remove the children from the location. Even though the bombers had threatened to detonate the bomb as soon as they saw any attempt to rescue the children, the first priority would have been to evacuate the children.   A large portion of crisis theory is risk management and despite the fact that we were dealing with children and the potential loss of life, those in charge of crisis management would have decided that it was better to attempt to get the children out of the building rather than leave them as sitting ducks for the bad guys to blow up at will.   The goal of the crisis management team would have been secure the building in any way possible and to prevent as much loss of life as possible. Though they would understand the potential for second guessing if something went wrong, they would have also seen the potential for the situation to simply get worse if the children were not immediately removed from the building.   While the idea of having the children sprint away from the building as fast as possible seems sound, the reality is that it would not have been tried as the potential for injury there would be great as well. Real crisis management teams would have figured out when the bomb was and gotten the children to the exits farthest from it and then attempted to put in some sort of blast shielding to minimize the danger while removing the children from the situation. Even more disturbing is the fact that the movie depicts the evacuation process as chaotic enough to allow two children to slip away from their teachers and law enforcement personnel to hide out in the school. In a real emergency, teachers would have checked and double-checked to make sure that every student was accounted for and emergency personnel would have been patrolling the building behind the evacuees to make certain that no one stayed behind. Finally, there was only a limited effort to control the news media. In a major crisis event of this type, cellular communication with the building would have been terminated in an effort to prevent word of the hostage crisis from reaching the media and in the event that the media were made aware of the crisis, strict controls would have been used to keep them quiet about the crisis, including blackmail. It is not unusual for crisis personnel to make it clear to the media in the midst of a crisis that cooperation during the crisis will lead to better access to stories once the crisis is over. And, the news media makes decisions daily when it weighs the public’s need to know against security. If the reporters were informed of the delicate nature of the situation and the potential for the loss of human life, most would have willingly gone along with a blackout of the event until after the children were safe. The problem is that real crisis management does not necessarily make for good drama. Though the conflicts in decision-making procedures exist, they are not open discussions that anyone can participate in. In a real emergency, the crisis management is left to the professionals. It’s too bad movies can’t seem to understand that. The beauty of the crisis situation in â€Å"Dawn of the Dead† is that the crisis appears quickly, but not instantly and it develops mostly over night. This crisis is also insidious in that people become infected and may not demonstrate their symptoms for several hours or even a day later. Worse yet, for crisis management teams, it is the worst type of crisis imaginable—the nature of the threat is unknown but rapidly spreading and the disbelief that we have trained into ourselves and our children works to prevent rapid response to the crisis. The plague causing the zombies in â€Å"Dawn of the Dead† has the ability to take hold and gain strength because the first few times that medical personnel run into it, they disbelieve what they are seeing. Though it is important for emergency personnel to be skeptical, they c=should be willing to act based on observable facts even when the facts make no sense. That is the major failing of the emergency response in this movie. Otherwise, the writers largely got it right. When it became clear that a major epidemic was facing the city, officials would first have warned people to remain in their homes and then, barring that would have set up emergency shelters. One of the good things about the use of emergency shelters in the movie is that they used traditional shelters like churches and a military base, an option that definitely would be considered in the event of a widespread event. The fact that before the emergency broadcasts end, they have contacted officials with the Centers for Disease Control and that the CDC is in charge on the event makes a great deal of sense. The only thing lacking would have been a stronger military presence on the streets once the state of emergency had been declared, but at least the movie attempts to explain this too when it mentions later on that the Army base has been overrun. Even more impressive than the outside response to the crisis, is the crisis management implementation that develops within the group of survivors. Though there is some initial posturing between the thief and the police officer, everyone quickly falls into roles appropriate to the situation and begins to work together to overcome their immediate needs: shelter that is safe from the threat. The opening scenes of the movie show people doing what is necessary to survive, even when it contradicts what it their normal behavior pattern, a classic observation of crisis theory. People will do what they need to do in order to survive. This is true in the killing of the zombies and even the decisions to flee their homes. Once they arrive at the mall, after the mall is secured and they have successfully risen up against the mall security guards, the group begins to settle into the realities of crisis management: they determine if they can meet their basic needs and then if there is an escape their condition. They put notes on the building roof to indicate the presence of survivors and they take up whatever pursuits help them get through the monotony of existence while the threat continues, including Steve’s incessant need for sex and the â€Å"games† of kill the zombie that they play from the mall rooftop. Finally, the group reaches the point where it must investigate the threat and determine how to handle it. The movie does a good job of showing the learning process and the impact of all the stresses on the psyche of the people involved.   The group determines to leave the mall when it becomes clear that they cannot live their indefinitely and then they begin a very crisis management approach to leaving, setting up supplies ad making their exit as defensible as possible.   The only failure in their crisis management theory is the lack of available information with regard to other safe havens. It proves to be their undoing. However, unlike the other movies I have reviewed, this one seemed to understand that theory. 1) Control or contain the threat 2) Seek Shelter 3)Seek other basic necessities. I think many other disaster movies would be more enjoyable if they could follow his pattern and stick to reality. How to cite Crisis Management 1: The Day After Tomorrow, Essay examples

Systems and Operations Management

Question: Discuss about the Systems and Operations Management. Answer: Introduction: A Wal-Mart store founded in the year 1945 and headquartered in the United States is segregated in three main segments namely Wal-Mart International, U.S. division and Sam Club divisional store. The store specializes in supercenters, hyper retail outlets, discount stores, electronics, fast moving consumer goods, medicinal outlet, grocery and apparel section. Due to presence of various departments of the store the sourcing and distribution section of the company involves the participation of large number of suppliers. Beside the popular retail products Wal-Mart is also responsible for providing fuel and various types of financial services, including money orders, money transfers, cashing through check (Yahoo! Finance. 2016). The in-house brand of the company includes food products such as Sams choice and Great Value. Pet food products brand such as Ol Roy, soft drinks beverage like Dr. Thunder and Soft Toy specialty brand known as Special Kitty. In supply chain perspective the distribution process of the in house brands deals with procurement of the raw materials, manufacturing and distributing the finished products. The third party brands deals with only the distribution of the retail products. The company is committed to follow an imperative which enables the company cost cutting strategies and better sustainability of the product. The company also ensures timely delivery of the items order through its ecommerce section. This provides the customers with the flexibility to get the desired product in appropriate time. The primary strength of the company lies in development of effective cost structures which allows the company to offer the best price in compare to its competitors. The present supply chain strategy of the company calls for an advanced procurement of the goods and gain a competitive advantage in terms of customer satisfaction (Corporate.walmart.com. 2016). Material management and structure of supply chain Material management techniques at Wal-Mart The present system of the material management takes into consideration the following items into consideration: Ordering as per reordering level- The reordering point of the company is the point of the company where the supply of the materials is to be done. The company typically sets the range between the minimum and maximum ordering level. This is performed in such a way that the quantity ordered for the reordering level and minimum level will be adequate to suffice the demands of the production requirements until the time the materials will be consumed. This particular strategy focuses on the maximum consumption rate and lead time for ordering of the materials. On attainment of this particular level the storekeeper at Wal-Mart begins with the process of generating the purchase requisition for each item. Reordering the items is mostly seen in cases fast moving consumer goods from groceries section, electronic items and day to day house items. These items determine the company strategies to order the materials efficiently so that it has sufficient amount of stock to meet the demand of the con sumers (Nair and Jacob 2014). 1. Minimum Level ordering: The minimum level of the company suggests the lowest level in the inventory below which the stock of goods should never fall. This level also calls for replenishment of newer stock of materials which must replace the order stock of materials. This particular inventory technique is most suitable for those items which are of less and selective demand. This may include pet products and items from the OlRoy section of the departmental store. 2. Average Stock: The Company is also responsible for maintaining this stock of materials by considering the average of the minimum and maximum level of the stock of the materials. It is ideal for those products which are fast moving but of premium category, this will ensure that the availability of the products for the selective customers (Gray 2013). 3. Inventory budget preparation of Wal-Mart: The purchasing budget is prepared in advance in order to estimate the cost of the purchase of the materials of the products which are in house brands of the company. This also ensure that the estimation of the sales budget. The very first step in the budget plan of the inventory involves preparation of the sales budget. (Purchasinginsight.com 2016) The purchase procedure of the orders are illustrated with the diagram as Follow: 4. Perpetual Inventory control: For the purpose of ensuring that the items of different segments are available on a continuous basis and monitoring of the stores purchase and the balance of the stock available at hand, the maintenance of the stock of goods through perpetual inventory is the center of efficient material management for the company. The perpetual inventory control cannot be implemented until the stores system has adequate amount of stock available at hand. The perpetual inventory system has a role in rotating of the inventory items as per the demand. This particular system of the material management is ideal for fast moving consumer goods. The process of stock count is monitored by an individual rather than the storekeeper. The effectiveness of the perpetual inventory depends on the choice of selection of the continuous stock (Neguse et al. 2014). 5. Vendor managed inventory: The use of this technology helps the company to track the inventory in a better way. This engages the suppliers to continuously monitor the inventory level to prevent any incidences of stock out. This particular has enabled the company to get a competitive edge in the retail business (Romano 2014). The process of vendor managed inventory has been shown below with a diagram as follows: Figure 1 Source: (Admin 2016) Economic ordering quantity (EOQ) and ABC analysis of the inventory The present strategy of the material management techniques includes economic ordering quantity and activity based cost analysis. The EOQ helps the company to order in bulk quantities in lower amount of cost. Wal-Mart believes ordering of the products in bulk quantity to gain the lower price advantage. The lower is the purchasing cost, lower is the carrying cost of the materials. Hence the company takes into consideration the holding cost and ordering cost while deciding on the economic factors of purchasing of the materials (Teng et al. 2012). The activity based costing system deals with prioritization of the different materials according to importance and demand of the items. This analysis is very common in the modern inventory management system as this allows for determining the ordering of the stock of items based on the demand of the various products. The items are segregated into three categories namely A, which are of the highest priority, B category items, which are moderate priority and C category of items which are of least importance. In this particular context of Wal-Marts inventory analysis, the inventory has been maintained through (Dalley et al. 2015). The implementation of both the techniques has been shown below as follows: Present ordering model of Wal-Mart with ABC analysis and EOQ Product Annual Demand (D) (million tonnes) Cost (million $) Demand x Cost((million $) Units per order Annual setup cost (S) Holding Cost (H) Order Quantity (E*) % of total cost Class Electronics 60 127 7620 60 520 12 23 18% B Health and Beauty products 72 180 12960 51 430 11 39 25% A Sports Fitness 42 154 6468 23 460 8 17 22% A Apparels 90 108 9720 65 760 14 19 15% B Gift Items 20 84 1680 23 289 6 8 12% B Groceries, household pets 85 60 5100 72 620 16 14 8% C Total 369 713 43548 294 3079 67 120 1 A Top 20% of total dollar volume B Below 20% C Below 10% Where, States the annual demand for the inventory Denotes the setup/ ordering cost of each items Holding cost or carrying cost per unit per annum (Annual demand/ Number of units per order) (Order cost per order) Annual setup cost = Number of orders placed per year x (order cost per year Setup cost = (D/Q) S Annual holding cost = (Q/2) H E* (Economic ordering Cost) = (2DS/H) Supply Chain Structure The present supply chain structure of the company involves the following features 1. Selective links in the supply chain domain- For many years the company is having a reputation of maintaining few suppliers involved in the distribution business. The company operates with its Vendor managed Inventory (VMI), where the manufacturers are responsible for the managing of the supply chain process (Morana 2013). 2. Strategic Vendor Partnership The sourcing of the company has been possible through selection of the best vendors who can provide the products at best possible price. The company has major tie ups with those vendors who can provide several options for long term along with cost effective options. The company has further streamlined its business process by building the supply chain network with the best available suppliers o f the individual items in this way the company has been able to achieve improvement in the flow of the materials thereby reducing the amount of inventories (Lu C. 2016). 3. Cross docking inventory strategy: This process of inventory forms a major part of the Wal-Marts distribution strategy for the purpose of replenishment of the inventory. It refers to directly transfer of the materials from the inbound or outbound vehicles without the need for additional storage. This is achieved through unloading of the incoming trucks and directly loading the items into outbound operators, thereby eliminating the need for storage of the materials. The traditional supply chain activity involves storing of the products into warehouse and then transporting the respective items to different transit points. The cross docking approach is a modern approach which directly transfer the materials into other vehicles. This feature of the present supply chain system of the company has enabled the company in speeding the distribution process in a cost effective way. In order to achieve the best result for cross docking the staging process has to be always less than 24 hours. The cross docking procedure has been represented with a diagram shown below: Figure 2 (M.c.lnkd.licdn.com 2016) Hub Spoke model: Wal-Mart is known as one of the leading companies to centralize its distribution system by implementation of the hub and spoke model. Initially the products were ordered centrally and the assembling was done at a warehouse, often referred as distribution center known as (Hub) and the distribution of the goods to the individual stores is known as spoke. This particular model has enabled the company to gain a significant advantage in reducing the cost of the products and centralizing the purchase procedure (Hosapujari and Verma 2013). Eliminating the intermediaries: The intermediaries have a critical role in linking g of the supply chain services in major segments of the company. Although the intermediaries policy of the Wal-Mart eliminates the need for the wholesaler and middlemen in facilitating the supply chain process. This has been possible sue to the internet which has enabled the organization in replacing the intermediaries. This strategy of Wal-Mart has been the primal reason for the lower cost of items. In case the goods had to pass though the middlemen then the prices would have hiked up. The ecommerce section of the company allows the company to directly order the product without the need for additional intermediaries. In year 2010 the company was able to generate 30% of the revenue generated through the online shopping section of the company (Gaebler.com. 2016). Relationship of organizational approach with material management and logistics The company provides multiple options to select its vendors from varied sections of the society. The different sectors of the source of the vendors of the company are related to areas such as designing and maintenance of the in-house brands of the company. The logistics management of the company is done efficiently through various types of informal and contractual agreements (Usanfranonline.com. 2016). Collective contract with ACFTU The contract signed between the trade union committee at Wal-Mart and All China Federations of Trade unions has been done in order to establish good labor relations which protects the legal rights and interests of Wal-Mart. According to this contract both the parties agreed to acknowledge and respect for the legal rights of the employees. This contract also ensures management of the labor working hours and compensations and also takes care of the employees health at workplace (Chan and Hui 2014). Animal Welfare Contractual agreement Wal-Mart and Sams club jointly are committed to cater the customers with safe, sustainable and affordable food along with promotion of the treatment of the animals. The continuous improvement process of the company has been possible through supply of fresh pork. Individual pork suppliers at Wal-Mart need to meet the new criteria. According to the contract Wal-mart and Sams club will accept fresh pork only after the accreditation by National Pork Board (NPB) and the quality assurance given by (PQA) (Corporate.walmart.com. 2016). In addition to meeting of the stated guidelines the suppliers need to further ensure the following components: Each supplier should have on farm video for the purpose of monitoring the sow farms. The video monitoring will ensure 20% of the production supplied to Wal-Mart and Sams Club to achieve 100% coverage by the end of 2018. The contractual agreements further ensures disease prevention strategies, keeping of the records of the treatment and the outcomes, reviewing of the antibiotics and limit the medical antibiotic usage at ill or animals who are prone to more risk. Conflict Minerals Policy This particular set of policies has been agreed upon on Securities Exchange commission (SEC) to report on the products that are manufactured should contain the list of items as per stated by Democratic republic of the cong and the countries located near to the region. The company expects its suppliers to actively engage in adaptation of mineral sourcing dealing with the supply chain which are according to the guidelines of Organization for economic cooperation and development (OECD). The suppliers at Wal-Mart should further ensure that the goods available are not having any 3TG or conflict minerals which falls under human rights violations. The contractual partnership with the different vendors in the supply chain market is the newest efficiency program for the fleet management of the company. The double fleet efficiency has ensured 830 million cases for covering 300 million lesser miles. This shows the improvement of more 84.2% in compare to the previous base line. The collaboration with the vendors enhances the driving efficiency in multiple ways (Corporate.walmart.com. 2016). The associates and the vendors try to work in different ways to improve the efficacy of the driver in the following ways: Ensuring fair driving techniques which ensure reducing the idle time and shifting of the jobs for improving the performance related to transportation and logistics management. The contractual agreement with the tractor and trailers companies has ensured improved electrification, reduction in the weight of the transport vehicles, use of fuel efficient tires and advanced electrification has allowed the vehicles for improved performance. The partnership agreements has also allowed for efficient loading of the goods in the vehicle and following the appropriate routing of the merchandising vehicles (Co.Exist. 2012). Warehousing Wal-Mart is the largest mover and seller of goods in the world. Most of the goods sold at Wal-Mart in the U.S. are manufactured abroad, when arriving at the country they are stored at giant warehouses run by third party contractors, hired by the company. Agency workers and day laborers are responsible for handling of the warehouse operations inside Wal-Mart. The T-shirts section of the company the companies are made in Bangladesh. In this way Wal-Mart is the second largest importer of garments from Bangladesh. Partners associated the Proto Type Truck The prototype truck of Wal-Mart is not only one of the most advanced vehicle which the company uses for procurement and distribution purposes but it also shows the potential of contractual agreements in improvement of the supply chain services. These technologies are game changing technologies for the supply chain business. Some of the partners in this project include Bill Kahn and Victor Garcia from Peterbilt Motors, Adam Hill from Great Dane trailers and Steve Gillete from Capstone Turbine Corporation (Coroflot. 2016). The segregation of the vehicle parts on the basis of various partners of the company are shown below as follows Component Business partner Company Managing Director name Engine and Aerodynamics Peterbilt Motors Bill Kahn Trailer Great Dane Trailers Adam Hill Turbine Capstone Turbine Corporation Steve Gillete Emerging technology in Wal-Mart The advent of modern technologies has allowed the company in tracking of the inventory and restocking of the shelves of the products. This ensures cost cutting of the services in compare to the competitors of the WalMart. The state of art network infrastructure of the company ensures accurate demand forecasting of the products and prediction of the inventory. The use of RFID tags in the transportation vehicles and GPS technology has allowed the company to track the route and obtain the route selection on the basis of the shortest path. The use of bar code enables the company for universal identification and tracking of the products. The differentiating facility of the presence of retail link allows the various suppliers to forecast the demand and updating the dales data in real time. The sale data is displayed on the basis of cash registers and distribution center of the company. The preexisting suppliers and manufacturers is able to synchronize their demand projection schedule with the help of collaborative planning, replenishment and forecasting of the supply chain activities connected with the technology. This networking allows for the integration of the central database, point of sales system at store level and tracking of the routes and the vehicles through satellite system. The distribution centers of the company are able to track the customers purchases and demand. The company is also known for using SAP for enterprise resource planning. This allows the integration of core functional areas with ERP. The production planning and procurement through real time linking with the ERP ensures that the company is able to properly monitor its stock value. The Wal-Mart labs have highly professional people who can provide prompt service to provide the shopping experience on the go. This allows the product to purchased online, social media and e stores of the company. RFID Technology The use of RFID tagging in the pallets of the products helps proper scanning of the products from a distance. As the inventory management is a two way process the company has encouraged the usage of RFID tagging among its suppliers as well. The use of smart tags has enabled the company employees to quickly learn about products and identify stock in which needs to be closely monitored and also replace the products which are reaching at the reorder level. The customers can are able to scan their own goods using their smart phones rather than picking up the items and taking them to the cashiers. This technology is available by use the app Scan and Go. It can be used to pay the entire bill of the items and used to speed up the process of bill payment so the customers can reduce the waiting time for each transaction. For ensuring the security aspect, the app does not store any details of the credit card information. Moreover this app sends mobile coupons by tracking the buying history (Usanfranonline.com. 2016). RFID technology has been implemented in wide range of industries, which includes retail and manufacturing and public sector industries. This allows the company to quickly pinpoint and quantify the merchandise which adds to the value chain of the business. This particular technology influence the Just in time inventory management of the company which allows the company to reduce the costs associated with inventory and handling of additional orders. The use of RFID tagging facility has enhanced the performance of the company both at domestic level and international level. The facility is present across 22 US distribution centers as on 2010. The system is implemented on the basis of a tag, reader and decoding device. The final is automated in the computer which is used to filter, collect and store the relevant data related to the stock. This has the potential to completely replace the bar code as the main drawback lies in the tearing and damaging of the bar code label (Sarma 2012). Despite of the several advantages associated to the implementation of the RFID technology. The cost factor cannot be ignored which can range from $20 to $50 each and reader is even more expensive with an price tag of $500 to $3000. The largest cost is needed for the computer software which is the backbone of the entire technology. The process of the RFID tagging has been shown below with the diagram as follows: Figure 3 Source: (Therealminfo.files.wordpress.com. 2016) Wal-Marts prototype Truck According to Walton, (2013), the prototype truck combines for the various aerodynamics, advanced control systems, micro turbine hybrid power train and use of carbon fiber in all its vehicles has allowed the company to achieve more objective and goals through the technological innovations. The technology trucks have conventional engines but it comprises of very sophisticated system which increases the efficiency and safety of the vehicles (Business Insider 2016). The power train of the vehicle is made up of a turbine system. The sliding doors of the cars allows for a more Germanic aero design. The dashboard of the vehicle is fully electronic with customizable gauges and performance data that a particular driver wishes to monitor. The trailer is made up of all carbon fiber material with a single piece of 53 foot panels. The front of the trailer has a convex shape which improves the aerodynamics design of the entire package along with room for additional cargo space inside the trailer. Carbon fiber material is not only stronger than steel but it is lighter than fiber glass. This is the reason why it is chosen to highlight the technology of this equipment. The trailer is designed to accommodate the load capacity of a standard cargo. The gas turbines were built by Peter built in the 1960s, although it proved to be robust but the fuel efficiency was a lacking feature. With the advanced technology of the Capstone Turbine allows the truck to operate with natural gas and other fuels (Hyatt 2014). This will allow Wal-Mart to achieve its goals of using completely renewable fuel in the future. This also ensures extremely low emissions and does not require after treatment or usage of any form of diesel emission fuels. The micro turbines works on the basis of air bearings so theres no requirement for changing the oils. The turbines are further air cooled eliminating the need for large radiator which aids the aerodynamic design of the truck (Times, L. 2015). Ecommerce of Wal-Mart The supply chain strategy of Wal-Mart has significantly improved through Omnichannel method of inventorying the items. This allows the companys to make the inventories into all the warehouses of the company and make the products available both offline and online modes. The smaller amount of goods allows for heterogeneous distribution of the goods and adds to the ecommerce outgrowth of the company. The technique of overhauling of the inventory management has allowed the company to keep the inventory level under control and facilitate the stock level and sales of the company (Communications 2016). The ecommerce division has the best interface to choose from the various brands of products and it offers a very easy navigation of the products. The main technology of the company is based on Bentonville, which puts major emphasis in implementation of the technology on its own and Global ecommerce based on the Silicon Valley, responsible for designing of the ecommerce division of the company. The ecommerce business alone has accounted for sales of more than $13 Billion. In order to stay in the highly competitive ecommerce business market, the company started on with a new app known as Savings Catcher. This particular app was tested in seven different types of market. This app allows the users to shop for the products by entering the receipt number and compares the weekly price available with the local retailers. If the items are available at lower prices in other regions the customer is awarded with a gift card with the difference of the products. The smart tracking technology in th e mobile app of the company allows for automatic suggestion of the various products based on the purchase history of the consumers (Brondoni et al. 2013). The company website tailors itself according to the needs of the individual customers thereby providing customized information to the consumers and suggest according to relevant purchasing history. The new My store section of the website allows the company to explore the various stores located nearby. The new store finder feature allows the customers to easily track the nearby retailers and visit the store with ease (Blog.walmart.com. 2016). Conclusion Wal-Mart with its state of art supply chain system has been able to generate more than $486 Billion in the year 2015. The process of supply chain is based on three main principles which incorporate distribution process, innovation and operating its own vehicles. The efficiency has been seen through improved product, cost effectiveness in the inventory and smooth flow of the operations. The Vendor managed inventory (VMI) helps to reduce the irregularities associated with the inventory, thereby making sure the products are always available in the shelves. The several inventory management techniques through reordering level, average stock, economic ordering and ABC analysis helps the company in forecasting and maintaining the adequate amount of inventory in the stock by keeping the cost low. The sharing of database information from stores to point of sales has aided the suppliers to ship more quantity of goods. The cross docking of the cargo ensures cost savings by eliminating the need to store the products in dockyard warehouse. The ecommerce section of the company has further ensured that disintermediation of middlemen and keeping the cost of the products significantly low. The supply chain operations are supervised by the purchasing managers, who are responsible to source the vendors and finalizing the deals for the various products. The integration of the supply chain operations with the existing links in the process has led to the success factor of the company to maximize the efficiency. Reference List Admin, C. (2016). Vendor Managed Inventory | Supply Chain Management: Concepts, Cases, and Reviews. [online] Resource.centerscm.org. Available at: https://resource.centerscm.org/2015/08/vendor-managed-inventory.html [Accessed 14 Jun. 2016]. Blog.walmart.com. (2016). Walmart.com is getting a new look. [online] Available at: https://blog.walmart.com/innovation/20140804/walmartcom-is-getting-a-new-look [Accessed 14 Jun. 2016]. Brondoni, S.M., Corniani, M. and Riboldazzi, S., 2013. Global Retailers, Market-Driven Management and Innovation. The International Journal of Economic Behavior-IJEB, 3(1), pp.27-40. Business Insider. (2016). Wal-Mart Says This Is The Delivery Truck Of The Future. [online] Available at: https://www.businessinsider.in/Wal-Mart-Says-This-Is-The- Chan, C.K.C. and Hui, E.S.I., 2014. The dynamics and dilemma of workplace trade union reform in China: the case of Honda workers strike (pp. 203-217). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Co.Exist. (2012). Walmart, Target Don't Have To Reveal Conflict Mineral Connections. [online] Available at: https://www.fastcoexist.com/1680446/walmart-target-dont-have-to-reveal-conflict-mineral-connections [Accessed 14 Jun. 2016]. Communications, E. (2016). Five Ways Walmart is Investing in Technology. [online] Risnews.edgl.com. Available at: https://risnews.edgl.com/retail-news/Five-Ways- Walmart-is-Investing-in-Technology103008 [Accessed 14 Jun. 2016]. Coroflot. (2016). Walmart Advance Vehicle Experience by Victor Garcia at Coroflot.com. [online] Available at: https://www.coroflot.com/VictorGarcia/Walmart-Advance-Vehicle-Experience [Accessed 13 Jun. 2016]. Corporate.walmart.com. (2016). Walmart Corporate - We save people money so they can live better.. [online] Available at: https://corporate.walmart.com/ [Accessed 13 Jun. 2016]. Corporate.walmart.com. (2016). Walmart Policies and Guidelines. [online] Available at: https://corporate.walmart.com/policies [Accessed 13 Jun. 2016]. Corporate.walmart.com. (2016). Walmart's Truck Fleet. [online] Available at: https://corporate.walmart.com/global-responsibility/environment-sustainability/truck-fleet [Accessed 13 Jun. 2016]. Dalley, C., Basarir, H., Wright, J.G., Fernando, M., Pearson, D., Ward, S.E., Thokula, P., Krishnankutty, A., Wilson, G., Dalton, A. and Talley, P., 2015. Specialist integrated haematological malignancy diagnostic services: an Activity Based Cost (ABC) analysis of a networked laboratory service model. Journal of clinical pathology, 68(4), pp.292-300. Delivery-Truck-Of-The-Future/articleshow/32869650.cms [Accessed 13 Jun. 2016]. Gaebler.com. (2016). Wal-Mart-and-Distribution.htm. [online] Available at: https://www.gaebler.com/Wal-Mart-and-Distribution.htm [Accessed 13 Jun. 2016]. Gaur, M., Goel, S. and Jain, E., 2015, March. Comparison between Nearest Neighbours and Bayesian Network for demand forecasting in supply chain management. In Computing for Sustainable Global Development (INDIACom), 2015 2nd International Conference on (pp. 1433-1436). IEEE. Gray, D., 2013. IFRS and US GAAP convergence progressing: As taxpayers voluntarily stop using LIFO. The International Business Economics Research Journal (Online), 12(4), p.451. Hosapujari, A.B. and Verma, A., 2013. Development of a Hub and Spoke Model for Bus Transit Route Network Design. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 104, pp.835 844. Hyatt, D., 2014. Walmarts Sustainability Journey: Elizabeth Fretheim and the Search for Sustainable Trucking. Lu, C. (2016). Incredibly successful supply chain management: how does walmart do it?. [online] Tradegecko.com. Available at: https://www.tradegecko.com/blog/incredibly-successful-supply-chain-management-walmart [Accessed 13 Jun. 2016]. M.c.lnkd.licdn.com. (2016). https://m.c.lnkd.licdn.com. [online] Available at: https://m.c.lnkd.licdn.com/mpr/mpr/p/6/005/07a/041/3956970.jpg [Accessed 13 Jun. 2016] Miller, M. (2014). How Walmart Uses Technology to Connect Online, Retail. [online] PCMag India. Available at: https://in.pcmag.com/opinion/53292/how-walmart-uses-technology-to-connect-online-retail [Accessed 14 Jun. 2016]. Morana, J., 2013. Sustainable supply chain management. John Wiley Sons. Nair, A.N. and Jacob, M.J., 2014. Inventory with positive service time and retrial of demands: an approach through multiserver queues. ISRN Operations Research, 2014. Neguse, J., Negussie, E. and Tadesse, B., 2014. An assessment of inventory control system in the case of BGI Ethiopia (Doctoral dissertation, St. Mary's University, Ethiopia). Romano, P., 2014. Vendor Managed Inventory. Wiley Encyclopedia of Management. Sarma, S., 2012. How Inexpensive RFID Is Revolutionizing the Supply Chain:(Innovations Case Narrative: The Electronic Product Code). innovations, 7(3), pp.35-52. Shen, B., Qian, R. and Quan, V., 2016. Impacts of Vendor-Managed Strategic Partnership on Fashion Supply Chains with Markdown Money Policy. In Analytical Modeling Research in Fashion Business (pp. 101-113). Springer Singapore. Teng, J.T., Min, J. and Pan, Q., 2012. Economic order quantity model with trade credit financing for non-decreasing demand. Omega, 40(3), pp.328-335. Therealminfo.files.wordpress.com. (2016). [online] Available at: https://therealminfo.files.wordpress.com/2014/05/lesego.jpg [Accessed 14 Jun. 2016]. Times, L. (2015). Wal-Mart test truck aims to slash fuel consumption on big rigs. [online] latimes.com. Available at: https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-walmart-truck-20150920-story.html [Accessed 13 Jun. 2016]. Usanfranonline.com. (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.usanfranonline.com/resources/supply-chain-management/rfid-technology-boosts-walmarts-supply-chain-management/#.V17YQrt94dU [Accessed 13 Jun. 2016]. Usanfranonline.com. (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.usanfranonline.com/resources/supply-chain-management/walmart-keys-to-successful-supply-chain-management/#.V1-4XdJ97IU [Accessed 14 Jun. 2016]. Walton, S., 2013. Walmart. Yahoo! Finance. (2016). Wal-Mart Stores Inc. [online] Available at: https://in.finance.yahoo.com/q?s=WMT [Accessed 13 Jun. 2016]. YourArticleLibrary.com: The Next Generation Library. (2014). 6 Most Important Techniques of Inventory Control System. [online] Available at: https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/inventory-control/6-most-important-techniques-of-inventory-control-system/26159/ [Accessed 13 Jun. 2016]. Zhu, X., Mukhopadhyay, S.K. and Kurata, H., 2012. A review of RFID technology and its managerial applications in different industries. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 29(1), pp.152-167.

Intolerance in to Kill a Mockingbird free essay sample

The theme of intolerance is fully explored in the case of Tom Robinson and the underlying racism shown in the treatment of him. Intolerance is met by all three main characters, Scout, Atticus and Jem but is experience by many of the other supporting characters.  There was no one kind of intolerant person; they all came from different background, which is testimony to the point of the book ‘You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of views. ’ This quote shows that you have no idea why a person does what they do until you experience things from their point of view. This idea is why the trial happened, and explains why Tom was accused of raping Mayella. The racism shown in Maycomb has been a part of the town for a long time and is ingrained in the society’s mindset. †¦I hope and pray I can get Jem and Scout through it without bitterness, and most of all, without catching Maycomb’s usual disease. We will write a custom essay sample on Intolerance in to Kill a Mockingbird or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ’ When Atticus says usual disease he is referring to his experiences in Maycomb ‘Why reasonable people go stark raving mad when anything involving a Negro comes up, is something I dont pretend to understand’. This shows that from what Atticus can see no matter what happens if something goes wrong with a black person in Maycomb the people will go crazy until they get their way with them whether that be in trial or attack. And due to what is said earlier we assume it has always been this way which would explain why in the novel we see how a person’s race can turn another person against them for no good reason but that they had grown up that way and believing they are superior. In the novel we see how an innocent man is used as an object of elevation to propel an insecure man forward in the judgemental society he lives in. This is done with Bob Ewell and Mayella accusing Tom Robinson of raping Mayella despite it being next to impossible. Bob Ewell takes Tom to court because he is unhappy with his position in society and he and his family are described as filthy humans and uneducated and sees the joy Tom has in his life as an opportunity to propel himself by appealing to Maycomb’s feelings towards Black people. We know this to be true when Bob says something in court that is offensive to appeal to the white folk, ‘†¦I seen that black nigger yonder ruttin’ on my Mayella! ’ after that a ruckus begins meaning Bob succeeded in his plan. This idea of propelling yourself y taking someone else down displays that Bob knows because he is white and Tom is Black he will have the support of the majority, in fact even family members of Atticus support him. Throughout the novel Atticus and his family are judged and condemned for defending a black man, for example the constant comments directed to the children by Mrs Dubose ‘†¦Not only a Finch waiting on tables but one in the court-house la wing for niggers! ’ This shows that the public disapprove of their actions but they are not alone. Because they grew up in Maycomb and didn’t grow as a person like Atticus we see his own family attack and condemn Atticus, ‘I can’t say I approve of everything he does. ’ This quotes shows that even living with Atticus and seeing why he does what he does without being raised by him Alexandra still shows he intolerant views but she is less stern than she was at the beginning of the book ‘’ so we assume she is starting to come and see his ways we know she was fully against him as her own son had picked up on her use of the term ‘†¦nigger-lover. This shows that when a person is exposed to common sense and a fair view of all people they can begin to change. Ultimately throughout Harper Lee’s novel, we see that despite what is good and right the majority of people in the town are intolerant to black people because that is how they were raised. We witness the growth of many characters in the novel from their views to another in part icular Alexandra finally begins to see why her beliefs were bad but we also see Atticus’s children begin to understand all that is wrong with society. Not only that but we witness people take advantage of people for their own gains ignoring all rational and fair thoughts. To Kill a Mockingbird is a story about people no understanding why people do what they do, which relates to the central quotes of the novel, book ‘You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of views. ’ Harry Adam.

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buy custom Educational Research essay The computer search of Eric and other databases can be both advantageous and disadvantageous. The advantages of these computer searches is that they are easily searchable since they consume less time as compared to other sources like the secondary sources where one will be forced to read a lot of articles and books which is very time consuming, they are interactive, accessible and inexpensive. The disadvantages of these computer searches is that they are very difficult to read from the computer screens, they may not be authentic and reliable, their citation is perishable, and their archiving is very difficult. Based on my discovery in the Current Index to Journals in Education (CIJE) article abstracts where I found out that it is absolutely necessary for one to try and locate and get to read all the original articles and the original papers instead of relying on the information which is presented in these abstracts. Sometimes this information may be alterable and not reliable since it is not printed material which can easily be archived. Secondary sources have been considered to be very good places to look information about a topic because they discuss a piece of information which had already been presented elsewhere. It is the information which has ben collected and gathered by researchers and then recorded in articles, books, and other publications. This shows how reliable and factual the information which is got from secondary sources. The most valuable traits of secondary data sources are that it not time consuming, one can be able to gather data from a wide selection of sources like articles, books, and other publications since the secondary data source is a summary of a set of records, and it provides the user with a large database of information. The major limitations of secondary sources of data are that the data cannot be verified or checked and the data which is got from the secondary sources may sometimes not be reliable because if it is too old, it becomes obsolete because of the emergence of new researchers and critics. There are some library holdings which are considered to be primary sources of information like the Peabody Museum of Natural History, the Yales twenty-two libraries, the Yale Art Gallery, and the Yale Center for British Art. These library holdings are considered to provide the direct evidence about a topic which is under investigation at first-hand and were often created by the witnesses or the recorders who recorded the events when they occurred and they include memoirs, autobiographies, and tthe histories which were recorded later. Sometimes in our daily lives, we are forced to access very large numbers of reports when we are reviewing literature on educational topics. One should be able to come up with a research topic, then after that you try to locate all the information which can be relevant, evaluate the content, synthesize knowledge, and finally make a summary insight. I believe that this process can work for me because if I can be able to come up with a topic, then it shows that I dont have to read all the books and articles in the library because the topic would lead me to coming up with a good content and summary of the review. The topic would make me focused. The knowledge of statistical concepts and terms can enable one to be able to interpret all the research reports accurately. This understanding of these concepts and terms can help us in our decision making and they are not very hard to master and this mastery will help us to use accurately the large numerical information that we encounter in our daily lives. Through this knowledge, one can be able to interpret and critically evaluate all the data-based arguments and statistical information which appears in the media channels and make a good sense of these statistics in the polls and the media. Buy custom Educational Research essay

12 Book Marketing Mistakes Every Author Needs to Ban in 2019

12 Book Marketing Mistakes Every Author Needs to Ban in 2019 12 Book Marketing Mistakes to Ban in 2019 Since the birth of Reedsy, we've had the chance to work with thousands of authors, helping them get their books out there in the most professional possible form - and to sell them.For many authors, selling a book is even harder than writing it. But whether you're self- or traditionally published, learning to market and sell your work is a key factor in author success. In this post, our co-founder Ricardo Fayet shares the 12 most common marketing mistakes he's observed in the past few years.  To make sure you aren't tripped up by these common traps, read on... Which of the 12 most common book marketing mistakes did you make in 2019? #pubtips 1. You’re marketing to everyoneMost of the time, when I ask authors who their book is for, they’ll tell me about their genre: â€Å"It’s for teenagers who are into Fantasy,† for example. Or sometimes, I’ll get an age group: â€Å"It’s for middle-aged women.† It’s not uncommon to hear â€Å"everyone† either.There are two big problems with this. First, you’re setting unrealistic expectations. Unless you come up with the next Harry Potter, not every teenager will read your book. It’s much more likely that only an infinitesimally small portion of them will. Learn more about how Reedsy can help you craft a beautiful book.Which of these traps have you encountered while self-publishing? Or do you disagree, and think that they're not mistakes at all? Let us know what you think and share your experiences marketing your book in the comments below.

The role of resilience in the work place and its relationship with Thesis

The role of resilience in the work place and its relationship with physical and emotional well-being - Thesis Example the role of organisation, both leaders and employees need to be inculpated in ensuring enough organisational flexibility to endure themselves into the future that is prone to change and the change of changing essence (Friedman, Merle, 2005). This paper reflects a relatively new concept known as Resilience that can handle this new wave of organisational change and sets a cohesive and conducive vibration within the organisation that helps maintain the spirit of the employees and the organisational productivity during the ever changing changes of ups and down. Resilience is that power which builds the strength to fight back any adverse situation. And more an employee can perform this; more mutually beneficial it is for both the employee and the organisation. It paves the way for flexibility and innovation skills that result in deep and constant renewal capacity of revolutionary thinking, totally free from any conventions and of new markets where no one sets in before (Friedman, 2005). T his is the essence of what is called Resilience. In basic sense, Resilience is an attitude, which is directly co-related with an individual’s development and well-being. When the mind and the body are strong enough to face the wicked wind of stress, downfall, impossible deadlines, unpredictable changes and the unsaid agitation of personal or organisational instability; it is rest assured that the person is conjuring the power of Resilience, the power of fighting odds thus to set a harmony. In surge of increasing the organisational bottom line most of the organisations have downsized their workforce leaving less people to do the work and following this retrenchment the core of people have been termed as the working wounded! The long-term effect of such occurring is known as the survivor syndrome; like soldiers left intact after a war and lurching guiltily on their survival. The modernization of human civilization led to innovation and adoption of improved technologies into our daily

Management Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Management Research Methods - Essay Example Numerical data are exact and specific; therefore, their treatment is necessarily objective. On the other hand, qualitative data are descriptive and experiential, and therefore their treatment is subjective. There are necessary differences in the philosophies that govern quantitative and qualitative research methods. These philosophies define the world-view the method assumes when conducting research. The quantitative method is grounded in positivism, which asserts that the knowledge that is gathered through research can only be significant if it can be measured. It proceeds from the theory of Auguste Comte, the French philosopher, that the world is an external environment that can be seen externally and measured objectively. Opinions, impressions, and perceptions that cannot be measured are not significant in a positivist approach (Zawawi, 2007, p. 3). Qualitative theory, on the other hand, is based on the philosophy of phenomenology. This philosophy states that the world and its rea lity derive their meaning from people (Husserl, 1946 in Zawawi, 2007, p. 3). The experiences of people concerning certain phenomena provide their significance, thus their subjective understanding of the event or phenomenon is what comprises knowledge. This is why qualitative approach uses cases, descriptions and narratives to convey the knowledge gathered about an event. Comparing qualitative and quantitative approaches highlights certain important contrasts. One is that the quantitative method is deductive while the quantitative method is inductive. The deductive approach begins from established theory that relates to the topic being researched, and then goes on to seek evidence of its application in the real world. A hypothesis is tested based on the chosen theory, then situations are tested to see if they comply with the theory. On the other hand, the qualitative method makes use of the inductive approach, which begins with the focus of the research – the issue or problem, or the organization under study – and at the end of the research develops a theory that would explain the phenomena observed (Greener, 2008, p. 16). Furthermore, the quantitative approach is positivist while the qualitative is interpretivist. The positivist approach is characterized by the use of the scientific inquiry most closely associated with the natural sciences. The positivist approach emphasizes those observations that may be made with the senses, and promotes the process of experimentation, of statistically proving or disproving hypotheses, and to explain the discrepancies or deviations from the rule. Positivism emphasizes the objective or normative. On the other hand, quantitative techniques lean more towards interpretivism, which in turn is closest to the social sciences. This branch of the sciences attempts to interpret social phenomena in a way that explains consistently their causes and effects (Greener, 2008, p. 16 -17). There are many other differences betwee n the quantitative and qualitative approaches to research, but these are their most important contrasts. Section B With reference to Qualitative approaches describe the common methods used for data collection and analysis. (1000 words) According to Creswell (1998), qualitative research is defined as: †¦an inquiry process of understanding based on distinct methodological traditions of inquiry that explore a social or human problem. The researcher builds a complex, holistic picture, analyses words, reports

Finance Essay Example for Free

Finance Essay These policies are characterized by a combination of risk and return, and can have from a conservative to an aggressive profile. The three types of working capital policies most recommended and used are: Aggressive Policy, Average Policy, and Conservative Policy. The aggressive policy working capital management focuses on maintaining current assets amounts at minimum levels, which is reflected in the total asset turnover higher, with a higher margin. This policy emphasizes the aspect of returns on risk-return decision. This policy is the highest risk policy but with more funds to reinvest in the company or usiness. According to Kulkarni (2011) â€Å" it is a high risk arrangement though, because, should your creditor come asking for money, and for some reason, you dont have enough money to pay them off, you might end up having to sell a costly asset to pay off your debt to them. † (Kulkarni, A. 2011 , Working Capital Policy, 9). The matching policy working capital management leaves a person with cash available to reinvest in his company or business. This policy entails a medium level risk and with this policy the business assets matched business liabilities. According to Kulkarni (2011) â€Å"this policy works in an arrangement where the current assets of the business are used perfect to match the current liabilities. It is a medium risk proposition and requires a good amount of attention. † (Kulkarni, A. 2011 , Working Capital Policy, 6). A conservative policy working capital management focuses on maintaining a high liquidity, as well as other accounts assets, as inventories and accounts receivable, which is very expensive, because they remain idle resources that eventually become unproductive, with slow rotation of assets due to the large investment in current assets. This policy emphasizes the minimization of risk, as opposed to maximizing yields that is not risk to be sure liquidity. A conservative policy may be best for people who want to keep low risks. According to Kulkarni (2011) â€Å"This is the policy with the lowest risk, but it reduces the money used in increasing the production† (Kulkarni, A. 2011 , Working Capital Policy, 11). Recommended Policy The working capital policy recommended for Lawrence Sports is the matching policy, more commonly referred to as the moderate approach. The working capital is funded by short and long term borrowing, equity financing or a combination of them. It is vital for the company to balance the risk and return of financing. The moderate approach falls in between the two other polices described above and is the most balanced. This enables Lawrence Sports to balance its risk and returns. Furthermore, it finances short term debt with temporary assets while permanent and fixed assets are financed by long term debt and equity sources (Zeepedia, n. d. ). A moderate approach gives Lawrence Sports the ability to maintain the relationships necessary to continue business, balance the working capital to still create a profit, and repay what is owed to the bank. Figure 1. Different Policies Regarding the Level of Investment in Working Capital demonstrates how the Moderate Approach compares with the others in terms of the level of investment in working capital (Watson ;amp; Head, 2012, p. 72). Risk It is important for a company to choose the best working capital policy, one that features a level of risk the company can handle. Team C decisions about working capital management are being driven by the intrinsically related priority of risk management. Team C’s aim is to minimize the risk of insolvency while maximizing the return on the assists (Dixon, 1991). Teams C choose the matching working capital policy because it entails a medium level of risk and it will also leave Lawrence Sports with more cash to reinvest in the business. Lawrence Sports will keep low levels of working capital so that they can employ the funds more productively elsewhere like purchasing more goods or more machinery. It is a relatively amount of risk balanced by a relatively moderate amount of expected return. The best level of working capital would be the one in which a balance is achieved between risk and efficiency which also requires continuous monitoring to maintain proper level in various components of working capital, i. e. , cash receivables, inventory and payables, etc. Contingencies A contingency is an unexpected event or situation that affects the financial health, professional image, or market share of a company. It is usually a negative event, but can also be an unexpected windfall such as a huge order. Anything that unexpectedly disrupts a companys expected operation can harm the company even if the disruption is because of a windfall (Duff, 2013). In the case of Lawrence Sports there should be a contingency plan in place in the event product is damaged or lost either in transit or by some unforeseen event. Another contingency plan Lawrence Sports should consider is a cash reserve to cover accounts receivable loses if Mayo defaults on invoice credits. In this case vendor defaults affect bottom line but in turn Lawrence would not have to borrow money from Gartner and avoid high interest rates. For Lawrence to recover from such an incident Lawrence Sports needs to use its working capital to cover the costs so that funds are not continuously incurred on the bank loan. In order for Lawrence Sports to raise the capital to cover a contingency plan Mayo would have to relinquish all sales to Lawrence Sports, payments to Gartner will have to be stretched out further and Murray would lose working capital and halt operations because Lawrence Sports payments would be differed even longer. These hefty decisions are all apart of risk management and can negatively affect business relations.

Communication is Structure :: Business Communication Essays

In collapsible corporations, communication is the dynamic structure between the individual members that shapes and guides the progress and actions of the people. It is the communication that coordinates and not formal written procedures. The success of dynamic organizational forms such as collapsible corporations is inversely related to the quantity and quality of communication between members around the world. Problems arise when communication slows or stops and progress is taken for granted- requiring hypercommunication to achieve subsequent residual recovery of right direction. Problems are just uncommunicated differences- in actions and expectations. (used 10/22/00 This intense deliberate communication is itself a transaction cost- it needs working hard at and may not always be business- you provide deliberate opportunities to other people in the collapsible corporation to explain and notify about problems- but naturally they do not actually arise every time members communicate. But the benefits from avoidance of misunderstanding achieved from effective and honest ongoing inter-personal communication- facilitated by technology tools such as the Net- make such dynamic organizations possible and also prevent greater, later costs incurred from error correction. Of course the communication needs to be timely and truthful for it to be valuable- it needs to be proactively stated, discussed, openly, honestly and fully disclosed. For remote communications, the use of Internet email, fixed and in particular mobile telephones is often prolific. There should be regular broadcast news and information in the form of say email messages updating members around the world on how the business is doing and latest developments. Informal discussion of this news, plus the formal emails kept different people in different places up to date with these moves. This kept people in different time zones in touch with the same information distributing at low charge around the world. Periodic face-to-face meetings are also necessary to supplement and balance this electronic communication- just as with teleworking, the balance between electronic and physical and the overriding dominance of neither is very important to the success of the venture. Respect and trust and so on is important in relations between colleagues, with some people easier to talk and relate to than others, but primarily, as long as activities and approaches were agreed to by other managers, you are okay.

Childhood Practices Identify Holistic Development Education Essay

Children develop cognitive accomplishments and linguistic communication accomplishments from engagement in humanistic disciplines activities Humanistic disciplines in school undertakings, 1990. For illustration, development of mathematical construct may be incorporated in music and art where kids learn about sequence, place, forms and forms ( Booth, 1982 as cited by Kolbe, 1991 ) . Children may necessitate to understand the sequence of events to associate to the beats of the musical instruments when utilizing musical instruments to re-enact the sound of air current as in the narrative of three small hogs. As for art in relation to devising of marionettes, kids may larn about forms and places. Language development may be incorporated in play when kids express their ideas verbally, for illustration, when they are asked for words to depict the characters in the narratives. Humanistic disciplines instruction contributes to the affectional development in that it helps kids to develop emotions and virtuousnesss ( Humanistic disciplines in school undertakings, 1990 ; Winston, 2010 ) . Through narratives and play, kids may develop understanding on moral values. The narrative of the three small hogs concludes with the three small hogs populating together in the brick house and the large bad wolf is killed. Children may derive some apprehension on the value of caring and sharing, diligence and besides that the bad will be punished. By playing games and puppetry with friends, kids learn to show their ideas and to socialize with others. Children communicate through assorted ways, such as verbal linguistic communication, organic structure looks, gestures, drawings or sound, which may be regarded as symbolic representations ( Gardner, 1979 as cited in Wright, 1991 ) . As all signifiers of humanistic disciplines may be associated with symbolic representations, instruction through the humanistic disciplines may be one manner where kids learn to associate to each other and besides to the existent universe. Children may utilize representations like drawings or objects to retrace their life experiences so as to do sense of it ( Kolbe, 1991 ) . For illustration, they may pull images of their household members. This in bend help the kid to develop the childaa‚Â ¬a„?s apprehension of himself and relationship to his household. It is in the human nature to play and most activities associating to kids may be seen as drama to them ( Swanwick, 1988 ) . There is no restraints or barriers in drama so kids may be willing to research different functions and thoughts, and as a consequence, they may larn more efficaciously ( Pinciotti, 1993 ) . Humanistic disciplines Education may be equated to a signifier of drama as the activities may be child-initiated and kids derive enjoyment and satisfaction from the procedure of playing ( Dau, 1991 ) . As in drama, kids learn through the procedures of imitation, imaginativeness and command in the humanistic disciplines ( Swanwick, 1988 ) . Harmonizing to Piaget, imitation is a signifier of adjustment. When kids extend on bing cognition through imaginativeness, they may hold assimilated and achieve command of new information ( Swanwick, 1988 ) . This may be in the instance of re-enacting the sound of air current with musical instruments. Children choose the instruments based o n their past experiences and imaginativeness to re-enact the sound they wanted. Humanistic disciplines provide chances for kids to research and polish their accomplishments through these three elements of drama. Furthermore, kids are able to show their ideas through play hence leting it to be a mean of communicating ( Swanwick, 1988 ; Pinciotti, 1993 ) . When kids discuss the character of the wolf, they may be given chances to voice their sentiments on the action of the wolf and therefore advance verbal linguistic communication development. They may besides show their ideas through organic structure motion and gestures during function drama. By working on the facial look and organic structure gestures, kids may larn other agencies of pass oning their ideas. Humanistic disciplines encourage kids to research and work out job ( Swanwick, 1988 ) . Children may necessitate to research ways to do the marionettes and other theoretical accounts. They have to work out on the infinite required and the proportion of the marionettes when pulling them. In this manner, they may larn to associate to spacial and comparative context every bit good as to larn of ways to do the marionettes such that they make sense to others ( Cooke, Griffin & A ; Cox, 1998 ) . Furthermore, it will further childrenaa‚Â ¬a„?s experimental accomplishments and believing procedure ( Kolbe, 1991 ) Children learn to socialize, sympathize with and associate to others from different positions ( Parsons, 1991 ; Pinciotti, 1993 ) . In play, they may hold different readings on the functions and therefore there may be different versions of the characters. As such, the kids may hold to come to an understanding on the thoughts for specifying the characters. Along the manner, they may get dialogue and coaction accomplishments. In the instance of little universe drama, kids may portion thoughts about the stuffs, props and how to utilize them. In making so, they develop communicating and dialogue accomplishments. Puppetry may interrupt down barriers and let kids to show their ideas through playing with finger marionettes. As a consequence, kids may derive new apprehension of the universe as their cognition addition through interaction and coaction ( Pinciotti, 1993 ) . Humanistic disciplines besides help to construct assurance and self-esteem and supply chances for kids to be sociable ( Humanistic disciplines in school undertakings, 1990 ; Parsons, 1991 ) . In the instance of playing games, barriers are broken down and kids tend to be more relax and therefore supplying chances for societal development. For illustration, kids may necessitate to discourse and make up one's mind on which musical instrument best represent the sound consequence they wanted to make. They may be able to derive assurance working in a squad as they have the chances to originate or to take part in treatment. In add-on, humanistic disciplines may promote critical thought and diverseness. As kids portion their ideas on similarities and differences through treatment and action, it helps them to understand and accept differences in sentiments and cut down biass. Through questioning the wolf, where the instructor plays the function, kids may besides larn to analyze the issue from different positions. For illustration, the wolf may reply that it is his sneezing that caused the house to be blown down. This reply may put the kids to believe if the hogs are excessively headlong in their opinion of the wolf. These exercisings may help the kids to compromise and listen to otheraa‚Â ¬a„?s thoughts or accounts when there is struggle. As most humanistic disciplines are open-ended undertakings, there may be many solutions to an issue. As such, it encourages believing and geographic expedition ( Pinciotti, 1993 ) . These can be seen in the assorted ways to construct the houses, kids can experiment with assorted stuffs to do the walls of the houses, like straws, composition boards or pigment. They can besides do different types of houses, like pulling a image of a house or doing a theoretical account of the house. Children may be able to propose new thoughts therefore hiking their assurance. Dramatisation provides an first-class platform for literacy and linguistic communication development. Children may develop their aural accomplishments while listening to the narratives or watching public presentation. They may develop on their unwritten accomplishments when moving or during brainstorming session ( Arts in school undertakings, 1990 ) . Drama is normally done in a group. As such, kids need to interact and associate to their equals to brainstorm on thoughts. By making so, kids learn to be sociable and pick up communicating and dialogue accomplishments ( Humanistic disciplines in school undertakings, 1990 ) . They may derive some penetration of the existent universe, where there are diverse civilizations and differences in thoughts. For illustration, during dramatization of a narrative like the three small hogs, the houses that the three hogs built may non be what the kids expected. In the instance of Singapore, bulk of the kids live in flats. As such, the kids may be involved in an exchange of thoughts about lodging around the universe. By widening a narrative during dramatization, as in the instance of Jack and the beanstalk, kids may be required to see from the position of the elephantine. Jack may be incorrect to take the aureate harp from the giant without permission. Children learn self-denial as they may hold to stay by the regulations they have set for the play. Children may develop a sense of independency as they need to do determinations while working as a squad. They may be able to be confident, initiate treatment or take part in treatment confidently ( Pinciotti, 1993 ) . However, to optimize the childaa‚Â ¬a„?s acquisition, the function of the instructor would be of import to take the kids so as to optimise their acquisition. Humanistic disciplines introduced to kids depend on the expertness and involvement of the instructors ( Humanistic disciplines in school undertakings, 1990 ) . If the instructors are enthusiastic and have positive cognition on the humanistic disciplines, she will be able to actuate the kids to take an involvement in the topic, therefore doing larning in humanistic disciplines more interesting and enlightening. In add-on, most early childhood scenes seem to be take humanistic disciplines instruction as a portion of the course of study instead than to develop the course of study from the humanistic disciplines. Therefore although humanistic disciplines may be of import for the instruction on immature kids, its effectivity may be dependent on the beliefs of the early childhood scenes and instructors.

Effects of Guilt in Crime and Punishment Essay

Guilt is a force in all that has the ability to bring people to insanity. When guilt becomes great enough, the effects it has on people go much deeper than the surface. People’s minds and body’s are overpowered by the guilt that consumes them every second they live with their burden. The devastating effects of guilt are portrayed vividly in Dostoevsky’s fictional but all to real novel Crime and Punishment. In the story, the main character Raskolnikov commits a murder and suffers with the guilt throughout. Eventually his own guilt destroys himself and he is forced to confess. Through Raskolnikov, Dostoevsky bestows on the reader how guilt destroys Raskolnikov’s physical and mental well being, which, in time, leads to complete alienation from society. When one suffers with a great deal of guilt, their physical health quickly deteriorates. Raskolnikov’s physical suffering begins shortly after the murder with delusions and nonsense ravings while constantly drifting in and out of reality. He often goes into a state of â€Å"not completely unconscious† but is in a â€Å"feverish state, sometimes delirious, sometimes half conscious†(98) while blaming it on his previous sickness. Raskolnikov is being destroyed by his guilt. He is unable to physically live in society while he has such a burden constantly looming over him. When in the police station, Raskolnikov hears talk of the murders and with just a reminder of his crime, he quickly becomes weak. When he â€Å"recovered consciousness†(88) the men at the station undoubtedly notice his illness and point out that â€Å"he can barely stand upright.†(89) His guilt has driven him to a serious state of sickness. He can no longer function normally or even keep consciousness when he is reminded of his crime. Raskolnikov can no longer function normally because his guilt has destroyed is physical capabilities so drastically. The mental abilities of a person are stifled when they are suffering with a great deal of guilt. Along with his physical health, Raskolnikov’s mental health quickly deteriorates following the murder. He is in a constant state of mental delirium and has constant ravings that are very irrational.  However, Raskolnikov’s true state is shown when Razumihin tells him â€Å"You are delirious you know!† and Raskolnikov’s response is a bold â€Å"No I am not!†(93) Even though Raskolnikov is in a state of delirium, his problem is so serious because he is totally oblivious to his state and completely denies it when wise, rational men tell him that he is. Raskolnikov’s guilt has taken him from a wise, educated, scholar to being incapable of rational thought. As the story progresses, the guilt becomes increasingly heavier on Raskolnikov’s mind. Others begin to notice this to including Petrovich who describes Raskolnikov as a â€Å"moth near a candle† who will keep â€Å"circling around [him], circling around [him]† all the time â€Å"narrowing the radius more and more, and-whop!†(352) Petrovich is aware of Raskolnikov’s state and he knows that Raskolnikov cannot live with his guilt. He knows like a moth around a candle that it is only a matter of time before the guilt is unbearable and Raskolnikov will have to confess everything. Raskolnikov’s guilt becomes his biggest enemy as it continues to break down his mind and leads him away from normal society. As Raskolnikov becomes torn apart by his guilt, he begins to separate himself from society which leads to complete alienation from everybody. He becomes a man that is so different from everyone around him that he no longer belongs. With â€Å"a sweep of his arm†(96), a drastic realization falls on Raskolnikov as he flings the coin into the water. â€Å"It seemed to him, he had cut himself off from everyone and everything at that moment.†(96) Raskolnikov no longer puts value on what his society values the highest. He is terribly poor and hungry, but throws twenty cockpeckcs into the river and thus destroying any ties he still had with society. Because of his alienation, Raskolnikov is no longer able to express his feelings and emotions with anybody. When Raskolnikov claims of hearing things, Natasha tells him that â€Å"it’s the blood crying in [his] ears.†(96) Unknowingly, she realizes his disconnection from society as she tells him â€Å"when there is no outlet for it and it gets clotted, [he] begins fancying things.†(96) The blood in his ears is a metaphor for his alienation and how when there is no outlet, meaning he has no one to talk to, it clots and he imagines things, which is his state of delirium. As Raskolnikov becomes detached from society, he begins to make his own world in his head where his ideals are  his deciding factors. He even has reason for murder. He convinces himself that â€Å"it wasn’t a human being [he] killed† but rather he believes â€Å"it was a principle!†(223) Raskolnikov believes he has become the world’s superman and truly done a good deed by riding the world of an â€Å"illness†(223) to society. By this point, Raskolnikov has no ties to society as he has created his own value system and believes he has a license to kill. Raskolnikov’s guilt changes him such that he breaks away from society, which snowballs into him being completely alienated with no one who thinks on an equal level. Guilt is the main factor that drives Raskolnikov to insanity which leads to his alienation. Guilt attacks his physical heath making him drift in and out of consciousness, which makes him no longer function normally in society. During this, his mind is being consistently deteriorated by the guilt causing irrational thought. Raskolnikov eventually becomes alienated from society as he no longer thinks or acts like the people around him. Raskolnikov does not improve until he confesses and takes the consequences does he return to normal. Through Raskolnikov, Dostoevsky brilliantly shows the power that guilt truly has on a person.

Harvestmen, Otherwise Known as Daddy-Long-Legs

Harvestmen, Otherwise Known as Daddy-Long-Legs Harvestmen (Opiliones) are a group of arachnids known for their long, delicate legs and their oval body. The group includes more than 6,300 species. Harvestmen are also referred to as daddy-long-legs, but this term is ambiguous because it is also used to refer to several other groups of arthropods that are not closely related to harvestmen, including cellar spiders (Pholcidae) and adult crane flies (Tipulidae). The Life of a Harvestmen Although harvestmen resemble spiders in many respects, harvestmen and spiders differ from each other in a number of significant ways. Instead of having two easily visible body sections as spiders do, harvestman have a fused body that looks more like a single oval structure than two separate segments. Additionally, harvestmen lack silk glands (they cannot create webs), fangs, and venom; all characteristics of spiders. The feeding structure of harvestmen also differs from other arachnids. Harvestmen can eat food in chunks and take it into their mouth (other arachnids must regurgitate digestive juices and dissolve their prey before consuming the resulting liquified food). Most harvestmen are nocturnal species, although several species are active during the day. Their coloration is subdued, most are brown, grey or black in color and blend well with their surroundings. Species active during the day are sometimes more brightly colored, with patterns of yellow, red, and black. Many harvestmen species are known to gather in groups of many dozen individuals. Although scientists are not yet sure why harvestmen gather in this way, there are several possible explanations. They may gather to seek shelter together, in a kind of group huddle. This can help control temperature and humidity and provide them a more stable place to rest. Another explanation is that when present in a large group, the harvestmen secrete defensive chemicals that provide the entire group with protection (if alone, the individual secretions of the harvestmen may not provide as much defense). Finally, when disturbed, the mass of harvestmen bob and move in a way that might be intimidating or confusing to predators. When threatened by predators, harvestmen play dead. If pursued, harvestmen will detach their legs to escape. The detached legs continue to move after they have been separated from the body of the harvestman and serve to distract predators. This twitching is due to the fact that pacemakers are located at the end of the first long segment of their legs. The pacemaker sends a pulse of signals along the nerves of the leg that causes the muscles to repeatedly expand and contract even after the leg is detached from the harvestmans body. Another defensive adaptation harvestmen have is that they produce an unappealing smell from two pores located near their eyes. Although the substance presents no threat to humans, it is distasteful enough and foul-smelling enough to help deter predators such as birds, small mammals, and other arachnids. Most harvestmen reproduce sexually via direct fertilization, although some species reproduce asexually (via parthenogenesis). Their body size ranges from a few millimeters to a few centimeters in diameter. The legs of most species are several times the length of their body, although some species have shorter legs. Harvestmen have a global range and are found on every continent except Antarctica. Harvestmen inhabit a variety of terrestrial habitats including forests, grasslands, mountains, wetlands, and caves, as well as human habitats. Most species of harvestmen are omnivorous or scavengers. They feed on insects, fungi, plants, and dead organisms. Species that hunt do so using an ambush behavior to startle their prey before capturing it. Harvestmen are capable of chewing their food. Classification Harvestmen are classified within the following taxonomic hierarchy: Animals Invertebrates Arthropods Arachnids Harvestmen

Defining Active and Passive Transport

Defining Active and Passive Transport Active and passive transport processes are two ways molecules and other materials move in and out of cells and cross intracellular membranes. Active transport is the movement of molecules or ions against a concentration gradient (from an area of lower to higher concentration), which does not ordinarily occur, so enzymes and energy are required. Passive transport is the movement of molecules or ions from an area of higher to lower concentration. There are multiple forms of passive transport: simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, filtration, and osmosis. Passive transport occurs because of the entropy of the system, so additional energy isnt required for it to occur. Compare Both active and passive transport move materials and can cross biological membranes. Contrast Active transport moves materials from lower to a higher concentration, while passive transport moves materials from higher to lower concentration.Active transport requires energy to proceed, while passive transport does not require the input of extra energy to occur. Active Transport Solutes move from a region of low concentration to high concentration. In a biological system, a membrane is crossed using enzymes and energy (ATP). Passive Transport Simple Diffusion:  Solutes move from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration.Facilitated Diffusion: Solutes move across a membrane from higher to lower concentration with the aid of transmembrane proteins.Filtration: Solute and solvent molecules and ions cross a membrane because of hydrostatic pressure. Molecules small enough to pass through the filter may pass.Osmosis: Solvent molecules move from lower to higher  solute concentration across a semipermeable membrane. Note this makes the solute molecules more dilute.Note: Simple diffusion and osmosis are similar, except in simple diffusion, it is the solute particles that move. In osmosis, the solvent (usually water) moves across a membrane to dilute the solute particles.

Final Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Final Exam - Essay Example Rondell Corporation traversed the path of success and growth in innovative engineering design of electrical items and radio broadcasting equipments. However, it failed to revamp its organizational structure and establish links between departments to restore mutual cooperation and consensus. This paper aims to look at the sources of conflicts at Rondell. With reference to Pondy’s model of organizational conflict, recommendations follow to improve the power relations, interdependencies and overall performance of the company. Prime culprit behind burgeoning conflicts at Rondell Corporation is ineffective organizational structure and power distribution. Though seemingly simple, poorly defined structure starts developing the following loopholes which ultimately leads to reduced agreement between departments and key personnel. Parent & Slack (1997, p. 221) opine that if an organizational is undergoing tumultuous phase due to differentiation and ambiguous roles, setting up of formalized rules, policies and norms of work practices and behavior can help solve the issues. High formality results in shaping up doubts, unclear job roles and even reciprocal interdependence. At Rondell, informal organizational structure rules the day-to-day operations. Departments have made subunits that in turn are running their individual politics and tactics to fulfill their personal interests. Lack of formalization has made departmental goals overshadow organizational objectives. Differentiation refers to dividing the tasks into smaller parts and allocating them to subunits of departments for better fulfillment of goals. Rondell has five major units or functions namely sales, engineering services, research and development (R&D), production and control. Though individual subunit orientation is necessary to contribute effectively to organization’s growth, these five departments at Rondell have deviated too far